Arti Dari Simbol-Simbol Yang Kita Temui Pada Berbagai Produk Plastik

1. PETE atau PET (polyethylene terephthalate) biasa dipakai untuk botol plastik yang jernih/transparan/ tembus pandang seperti botol air mineral, botol jus, dan hampir semua botol minuman lainnya. Boto-botol dengan bahan #1 dan #2 direkomendasikan hanya untuk sekali pakai. Jangan pakai untuk air hangat apalagi panas. Buang botol yang sudah lama atau terlihat baret-baret.


2. HDPE (high density polyethylene) biasa dipakai untuk botol susu yang berwarna putih susu. Sama seperti #1 PET, #2 juga direkomendasikan hanya untuk sekali pemakaian.

3. V atau PVC (polyvinyl chloride) adalah plastik yang paling sulit di daur ulang. Plastik ini bisa ditemukan pada plastik pembungkus (cling wrap), dan botol-botol. Kandungan dari PVC yaitu DEHA yang terdapat pada plastik pembungkus dapat bocor dan masuk ke makanan berminyak bila dipanaskan. PVC berpotensi berbahaya untuk ginjal, hati dan berat badan.

4. LDPE (low density polyethylene) biasa dipakai untuk tempat makanan dan botol-botol yang lembek. Barang-barang dengan kode #4 dapat di daur ulang dan baik untuk barang-barang yang memerlukan fleksibilitas tetapi kuat. Barang dengan #4 bisa dibilang tidak dapat di hancurkan tetapi tetap baik untuk tempat makanan.

5. PP (polypropylene) adalah pilihan terbaik untuk bahan plastik terutama untuk yang berhubungan dengan makanan dan minuman seperti tempat menyimpan makanan, botol minum dan terpenting botol minum untuk bayi. Karakteristik adalah biasa botol transparan yang tidak jernih atau berawan. Cari simbol ini bila membeli barang berbahan plastik.

6. PS (polystyrene) biasa dipakai sebagai bahan tempat makan styrofoam, tempat minum sekali pakai, dll. Bahan Polystyrene bisa membocorkan bahan styrine ke dalam makanan kPolystyrene foam containers are a common nuisance worldwide: they cause pollution in their production, they are a waste of resources since they are used only once, they don’t biodegrade for hundreds of years, and they release toxic gases when burned. The styrene may even be a health concern as it can leach out of the packaging and into human fat tissue.etika makanan tersebut bersentuhan. Bahan Styrine berbahaya untuk otak dan sistem syaraf. Selain tempat makanan, styrine juga bisa didapatkan dari asap rokok, asap kendaraan dan bahan konstruksi gedung. Bahan ini harus dihindari dan banyak negara bagian di Amerika sudah melarang pemakaian tempat makanan berbahan styrofoam termasuk negara China.

7. Other (biasanya polycarbonate) bisa didapatkan di tempat makanan dan minuman seperti botol minum olahraga. Polycarbonate bisa mengeluarkan bahan utamanya yaitu Bisphenol-A ke dalam makanan dan minuman yang berpotensi merusak sistem hormon. Hindari bahan plastik Polycarbonate.

Masih banyak sekali barang plastik yang tidak mencantumkan simbol-simbol ini, terutama barang plastik buatan lokal di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, kalau anda ragu lebih baik tidak membeli. Kalaupun barang bersimbol lebih mahal, harga tersebut lebih berharga dibandingkan kesehatan keluarga kita.

Pada akhirnya. Hindari penggunaan plastik apapun di Microwave. Gunakan bahan keramik, gelas atau pyrex sebagai gantinya.

Hindari juga membuang sampah plastik terutama yang mengandung Bisphenol-A sembarangan karena bahan tersebut pun bisa mencemari air tanah yang pada akhirnya pun bisa mencemari air minum banyak orang.

Sumber : http://mulyaji.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/bahaya-plastik-pembungkus-makanan-bagi-kesehatan/
http://elits38.wordpress.com

Manfaat Pasta Gigi selain untuk GIGI

1. Menghapus noda kopi atau teh

Gosok dengan cepat bagian dalam cangkir menggunakan pasta gigi, lalu cuci atau bilas seperti biasa. Mug anda akan bersih dan mengkilap segera. Pasta gigi adalah pembersih untuk semua jenis stainless steel di dapur Anda. Selain itu, Ia dapat menghilangkan buih sabun, noda air keras, dan kotoran yang menempel pada permukaan oven.

Pasta gigi mengandung abrasif lembut, persis apa yang Anda butuhkan untuk menggosok "gumpalan" pada perangkat besi Anda. Oleskan pasta gigi pada peralatan besi Anda selagi dingin, gosok dengan lap, lalu bilas dengan baik.

2. Menghilangkan bau

Makan malam lezat sudah siap, tetapi bau makanan beraroma kuat seperti ikan, bawang merah dan bawang putih yang tadi diolah di dapur masih melekat di tangan Anda? Gosok tangan dan kuku dengan pasta gigi untuk menghilangkan bau.

3. Membersihkan sepatu kotor

Sikat terlebih dahulu kotoran permukaan pada sepatu, oleskan pasta gigi secukupnya pada seluruh bagian sepatu kulit dan gosok dengan kain kering bersih. Pasta gigi juga bisa menghapus kotoran dari tas kulit.

4. Menghilangkan goresan pada permukaan jam

Oleskan pasta gigi secukupnya pada permukaan jam yang tergores, gosok perlahan menggunakan kain lembut, goresan akan hilang.

5. Bahan Pembersih yang Aman Untuk Buah

Oleskan sedikit pasta gigi pada kulit buah. Lalu cuci, bilas dan lap hingga kering. Ini bisa menghilangkan bahan pengawet pada buah.

6. Pertolongan pertama untuk membantu mencegah infeksi akibat luka bakar

Jika mengalami luka bakar karena minyak atau air panas, pasta gigi dapat membantu meringankan rasa sakit dan mencegah infeksi. Bahkan jika Anda mengalami sakit gigi, memberi sejumlah pasta gigi pada gigi yang bermasalah, akan mengurangi rasa sakit.

7. Meringankan rasa nyeri karena gigitan serangga

Oleskan sedikit pasta gigi pada daerah yang tersengat serangga atau pada kulit teriritasi yang menyebabkan gatal-gatal. Sebagai tambahan, pasta gigi juga dapat membantu luka cepat kering dan proses penyembuhan.

8. Meringankan Mabuk Perjalanan

Pasta gigi mengandung mint dan minyak cengkeh yang bisa meredakan sakit kepala dan mabuk laut. Oleskan sedikit pasta gigi seukuran biji kacang ke ujung jari Anda dan pijatkan pada pelipis

5 SKILL of TOEFL

Saya akan coba memaparkan 5 dari 10 jenis skill yang biasa di tes kan pada structure question.
Adapun skill-skill yang bisa di tes kan adalah:
1. Skill 1: Subject and Verb
2. Skill 2 : Object of Preposition
3. Skill 3 : Present Participle
4. Skill 4 : Past Participle
5. Skill 5 : Coordinate Connector
6. Skill 6 : Adverb Clause Connector
7. Skill 7 : Noun Clause Connector
8. Skill 8 : Noun Clause Connector/Subject.
9. Skill 9 : Adjective Clause Connector
10. Skill 10: Adjective Clause Connector/Subject

A. Skill 1 (Subject and Verb)

Kita semua tahu bahwa dalam sebuah kalimat bahasa Inggris, harus ada minimal sebuah Subject dansebuah Verb.

Problem yang biasanya muncul sehubungan dengan Subject dan Verb adalah:
1. Subject atau Verbnya tidak ada.
2. Subject dan Verbnya tidak ada, atau
3. Extra Subject and Extra Verb.
Contoh 1:

....................was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells

Analisa:
• Kalimat di atas memiliki Verb yaitu was ringing, tapi tidak memiliki Subject.
• Dari pilihan jawaban; (A) Loudly dan (B) In the morning salah karena keduanya adalah adverb.Jawaban (D) The bells juga salah karena bells adalah pluraldan tidak sesuai dengan wasringing yang berbentuk singular verb. Jawaban terbaik adalah (C) The phone karena phonesingular verb dan sesuai dengan singular verb was ringing.

Contoh 2:

Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.

(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly

Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject yaitu Newspapers, tapi tidak memiliki Verb.
• Jawaban (A) delivery, (C) on time dan (D) regularly adalah salah karena mereka bukan subject.Jawaban (B) are delivered benar karena mereka adalah verb.
Contoh 3:

The plane __________ landing at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject The plane dan kata kerja landing. Tapi kata kerja landing belumlengkap (not complete verb) dan harus memiliki tobe is untuk menjadikan kata kerja itu kata kerjayang lengkap (complete verb).
• Jawaban (A) it is dan (B) it really is salah karena akan ada double Subject it dan plane. Jawaban(C) is descending salah karena ada double subject descending dan landing.
• Jawaban terbaik adalah (D) will be karena kalau will be di gabungkan dengan landing akan menjadicomplete verb.
Contoh 4:


A dream about falling ______
(A) scary is
(B) is scary
(C) are scary
(D) very scary is
Analisa:
• A dream about falling is scary, karena subjek, A dream, merupakan subjek tunggal danmembutuhkan to be singular yang berperan sebagai verbs untuk complements adjectives, scary.

Contoh 5:

_____ this blog on july 14th 2009
(A) launch
(B) launching
(C) launched
(D) will launching
Analisa:
• I launched this blog on July 14th 2009, karena kalimat berbentukpast tense jika dilihatdari modifier time yakni, on July 14th 2009, sehingga jawabannya memerlukan verbs dalam bentuk verb 2 untuk memeuhi aturansimple past tense, jadi jawabannya adalah launched.
B. Skill 3 (Present Participles)
Present Participle adalah Verb + ing.
(English Version)
Contohnya: studying, driving, cooking

Penggunaan Present participle pada Structure section TOEFL test seringkali membingungkan karena fungsingya yang bisa sebagai part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) atau adjective (kata sifat)
1. Sebagai bagian dari kata kerja (Part of a verb)

. Present participle (verb+ing) akan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb jika digunakan bersamaan dengan tobe (am, is, are, was, and were).

Contoh:
The train is arriving at the station now.
The students are talking in the classroom.

Analisa:
• arriving adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh is (to be).
• talking adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh are (to be)
2. Sebagai adjective (Kata Sifat)

Present participle (Verb + Ing) berfungsi sebagai adjective apabila tidak ditemani oleh to be (am, is, are, was and were).

Contoh:
The train arriving at the station now is an hour late.
The students talking in the class look very happy.

Analisa:
• arriving is adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Sedangkan, Subject kalimat diatas adalah traindan verbnya adalah is.
• talking adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah students dan verbnya adalah look.

Lihat contoh dibawah ini.

The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.

(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) was

Analisa:
• appearing bukanlah part of a verb tapi adjective.
• Subject nya adalah film dan verbnya adalah is.
• Jawaban (B), (C) atau (D) salah karena kalimat diatas sudah memiliki verb.
• Jawaban terbaik adalah (A) now.

EXERCISE 3:

Look at the following sentences and Check if they are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The crying baby needs to be picked up. (C)
ADJ.
Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena crying berfungsi sebagai adjective.
• Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah baby, sedangkan verb nya adalah needs to be picked up
2. The clothes are lying the floor should go into the washing machine. (I)
VERB

Analisa:
• kalimat diatas salah karena are lying seharusnya lying dan berfungsi sebagaiadjective bukan bagian dari kata kerja (part of a verb)..
• Sedangkan kalimat yang benar adalah The clothes lying the floor should go into the washing machine.
3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners. (I)

Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas salah karena bringing seharusnya is bringing dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb bukan adjective.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The waitress is bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line. (C)

Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas benar karena striking berfungsi sebagai adjective dan walkingsebagai part of a verb.
• Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah workers.
5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll. (C)

Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena getting berfungsi sebagai part of a verb dan setelah ditambahkan is (tobe) menjadi complete verb.
• Sedangkan Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah the child.
C. Skill 5 (Coordinate Connector)
Yang dimaksud dengan Coordinate Connector adalah AND, BUT, OR, or SO.
Banyak kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris yang terdiri dari dua klausa ( Klausa adalah kelompok kata yang paling sedikit terdiri dari satu Subject dan satu Verb (Predikat).
Ketika ada dua kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris, kita harus menggabungkannya dengan benar. Saalahs atu cara untuk menggabungkan dua buah kalusa adalah dengan menggunakan AND, BUT, OR, or SO.
Contoh:
1. The sun was shining and the sky was blue.
2. The sky was blue, but it was very cold.
3. It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.
4. It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.
Analisa:
• Keempat kalimat diatas terdiri dari dua klausa dan semuanya di hubungkan dengan sebuah Coordinate Coonector dan sebuah Comma.
Contoh berikut ini akan menunjukan bagaimana Coordinate Connector di Tes di Structure Questions pada TOEFL Test.

Contoh:

I forgot my coat, ____ I got very cold.

(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result

Analisa:
• Kalimat diatas memiliki dua buah klausa: I forgot my coat dan I got very cold. Untuk menghubungkannya, kita harus menggunakan sebuah Coonector. KataThen (A), later (C), dan as a result (D) bukanlah Connector. Jadi jawaban terbaik adalah (B) karena so bisa menghubungkan kedua klausa tersebut dengan benar.

EXERCISE 5:

Exercise 5 dibawah ini fokus pada permasalahan Coordinate Connector. Baca kalimatnya dan tentukan apakah jawabannya Correct (C) atau Incorrect (C).
1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown. (C)

Analisa:
• Kedua Klausa diatas sudah benar, begitu juga dengan Coordinate Connectornya.

2. The book was not long, it difficult to read. (I)

Analisa:
• Klausa kedua tidak memiliki verb (is) dan Connector.
• Kalimat yang benar adalah The book was not long, but it is difficult to read.

3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping. (I)

Analisa:
• Klausa/kalimat kedua tidak memiliki Subject. Tapi sudah memiliki connector, so.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah It was raining, so I decided not to go camping.

4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.(C)

Analisa:
• Kedua kalimat/klausa sudah benar begitu juga dengan connectornya

5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.(I)

Analisa:
• Kedua kalimat/klausa diatas sudah benar, tapi belum ada connectornya.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The patient took all the medicine, but he did not feel much better.
D. Skill 7 (Noun Clause Connector)

Kalau WH-Questionnya menggunakan Modal (Can, Will, Would, Might, Should, etc), maka modal tersebut harus di letakan setelah kata kerja (Verb).
Kalau WH-Questionnya menggunakan To Be (am, is, are, was, were) maka To Be tersebut di letakan setelah Subject.
Kalau WH-questionnya dalam bentuk Present Perfect atau Past Perfect, maka Have, Has dan Had di letakan setelah Subject.

Itulah beberapa cara bagaimana menggabungkan dua buah kalimat/clause jika clause/kalimat yang kedua adalah wh-questions.

Hal-hal diatas harus bisa kita lakukan karena ini relevan dengan skill 7. A noun clause adalah clause/kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai NOUN. Karena Noun Clause berfungsi sebagai Noun, maka fungsinya pada kalimat bisa sebagai object of verb(object dari kata kerja) dan object of preposition (Object dari Preposisi/kata depan).

1. As Object of Verb.

Perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini:
• I don’t know why he said such things
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB
Kalimat iatas memiliki dua clause/kalimat, I don't know dan he said such things. Kedua clauses ini di gabungkan dengan connector WHY. WHY juga mengubah clause he said such things menjadi Noun Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Object of a Verb. don't know.

2. Object of Preposition.
• I am thinking about why he said such thin
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

Kalimat diatas memiliki dua clauses I am thinking dan he said such things. Kedua kalimat juga di hubungkandengan connector why. . WHY juga mengubah clause he said such things menjadi Noun Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Object of Preposition about.

Contoh Soal:

1. The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
Analisa:
• Kalimat pertama “The teacher heard” benar karena The teacher subject and heard verbnya. Kalimat kedua “Who answered the phoned” juga benar karena who berfungsi sebagai subject and answered sebagai verbnya. Pada saat yang bersamaan Who juga berfungsi sebagai connetor.
• Jadi kalimat di atas sudah benar.
2. I do not understand it went wrong. (I)
Analysis:
• Kalimat pertama “I do not understand” sudah benar karena I subject dan do not understand verb. Kalimat kedua “it went wrong” salah karena tidak ada connector sekaligus subject.
• Kalimat yang benar seharusnya: I do not understand what went wrong.What berfungsi sebagai subject dan juga connector, sementara went nya sebagai verb,
3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best. (C)
Analisa:
• Di kalimat pertama, I sebagai Subject dan can’t decide sebagai verb. Di kalimat kedua, which sebagai connector sekaligus subject dan is sebagai verb,
4. She did not remember who in her class. (I)
Analisa
• Di kalimat pertama, She sebagai subject dan did not remember sebagai verb. Dikalimat kedua, who sebagai connector dan juga subject tapi tidak ada verbnya,
• Kalimat ayng benar seharusnya ……………..who was in her class.
5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)
Analisa:
• Kalimat pertama sudah benar karena No one adalah subject dan is adalah verb, tapi kalimat kedua salah karena ada did dan it. Did dan it seharusnay di hapus dan verb “happen” menjadi bentuk lampau “happened”.
• Jadi kalimat yang benar seharusnya: …….what happened in front of the building.

E. Skill 9 (Adjective Clause Connector)

Perhatikan dua contoh kalimat dibawah ini:
1. a. This is the house (first clause)
b. I want to buy the house (second clause)

Kalau kedua clause tersebut kita gabungkan, maka menjadi: this is the house (that) I want to buy

Analisa:
• This adalah Subject dan Is adalah Verb nya. Sedangkan Clause kedua, I adalah subject dan want adalah Verbnya. That berfungsi sebagai Connector yang menghubungkan kedua Clause diatas.

2. a. The house is quite expensive (first clausa)
b. I want to buy the house (second Klausa)

Kalau kedua clause tersebut digabung, maka menjadi:
The house that I want to buy is quite expensive
Analisa:
• house adalah subject dan is adalah verb untuk clause pertama. I adalah subject dan verbnya adalah want. Kedua kalimat ini digabungkan dengan adjective clause connector that.

Perhatikan soal di bawah ini. Masing masing kalimat memiliki lebih dari satu clause. Perharikan Subject dan verb dari tiap-tiap clause dan juga connectornya. Check apakah kalimat di bawah ini benar atau salah.

1. I did not believe the story that he told me. (Correct)

Analysis:

First Clause : I did not believe the story
Second Clause : He told me
Adjective clause connector : that

2. Ms. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.(Incorrect)

Analysis:

First clause : Ms. Brown will start work tomorrow
Second clause : Did you recommend for the job (incorrect)
It should be you recommended for the job
Adjective clause connector : whom

The correct sentence is Ms. Brown, who you recommended for the job, will start work tomorrow.

3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.(I)

Analysis:

First clause : The lecture notes were not clearly written
Second clause : lent me (incorrect)
It should be I lent
Adjective clause connector : which

The correct sentence is the lecture notes which I lent were not clearly written

4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended. (C)

Analysis:

First clause : Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser
Second clause : you recommended
Adjective clause connector : whom

5. The phone number that you gave me.

Analysis:

First clause : The phone number (incorrect: no verb)
Second clause : you gave me
Adjective clause connector : that
The correct sentence is The phone number that you gave

SOURCE : http://www.belajartoefl.net/2012/01/

Adem nya gedung DPR

mungkin dari gambar ini kita juga dapat merasakan nyaman nya gedung DPR, meskipun hangat nya kota jakarta di siang hari yang sebentar dapat membuat kulit kita berubah kecoklatan, tapi tidak dirasakan oleh para pejabat pemerintah ini. sampai sampai hangat mya rapat pun tak dirasakan oleh mereka, mereka hanya asyik dengan mimpi mereka di siang hari . !!!!1

Menurut Seorang Gubernur

Persoalan banjir masih menjadi pokok persoalan masyarakat Jakarta. Jakarta terbiasa menjadikan banjir sebagai “sahabat” lima tahunan, bukan sebagai “musuh” yang harus dilawan, diantisipasi kehadirannya, bahkan dicari akar masalahnya. Bisa jadi dalam setiap benak warga Jakarta, kehadiran Banjir sudah menjadi biasa adanya. Kalau hujan tanpa banjir, seperti masak sayur tanpa garam, bukan Jakarta namanya. Entah logika lurus apa lagi yang bisa menjelaskan fenomena tersebut. mungkin logika menurut GUBERNUR kita ini yang bisa jadikan acuhan di jakarta : "INI GENANGAN !!!! BUKAN BANJIR !!!!!

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis

2. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER!

1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
a clerks b accountants c supervisors
2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..
a vendors b renters c reps
3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of finished goods or components to be made into goods, are the ………..
a choosers b procurers c buyers
4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
a packers b quality controllers c financial staff
5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
a secretaries b editors c copywriters
6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............
a statisticians b accountants c counters
7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
a wages clerks b filing clerks c paying clerks
8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
a hackers b operators c screeners
9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........
a manager b president c receptionist
10. The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
a VDU operators b telex operators c switchboard operators
11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.
a Workers b Directors c Control
12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
a venture b individual c cooperative
13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
a market b return c rate
14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
a gain b risk c investment
15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
a fixed b contribution c variable


jawaban !!!!!!!!!

1. C. Supervisors
2. A. Vendors
3. B. Procurers
4. B. Quality controllers
5. C. Copywriters
6. B. Accountants
7. A. Wages Clerks
8. B. Operators
9. C. Receptionist
10. A. VDU Operators
11. B. Directors
12. C. Cooperative
13. A. Market
14. C. Invesments
15. A. Fixed

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 01

1. CHOOSING FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX!

a.information
a.chips
h.WYSIWYG
k.controls
b.processing
b.RAM
i.graphics
l.systems
c.load
i.ROM
j.bugs
m.scroll
d.files


1.Problems in programs are caused by………
2.Silicon..................... contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced to a very small size.
3.Obtaining..................... is done by…………… data.
4.Software produces images which can appear on the screen as………………
5.Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only be read, is …………..
6.Memory into which information can be loaded and from which data can be read, is……………
7.Operators.................... into the computer's memory a program that they want to use.
8.Analysing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is done by…………… analysts
9."What you see is what you get" explains....................
10.A single disk can contain a large number of different...................
11..................... can carry out instructions or operations when certain conditions occur.
12.The operators.................... lines of text up the screen, so that a new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears.

jawaban !!!!!!


1. J.Bugs
2. E.Chips
3. A.Information, b. Processing
4. I.Graphics
5. G.ROM
6. F.RAM
7. C.Load
8. L.System
9. H.WYSIWYG
10.D.Files
11.K.Controls
12.M.Scroll

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Leadership

Leadership is a process of getting things done through people. The quarterback moves the team toward a touchdown. The senior patrol leader guides the troop to a high rating at the camporee. The mayor gets the people to support new policies to make the city better.

These leaders are getting things done by working through people — football players, Scouts, and ordinary citizens. They have used the process of leadership to reach certain goals.
Leadership is not a science. So being a leader is an adventure because you can never be sure whether you will reach your goal — at least this time. The touchdown drive may end in a fumble. The troop may have a bad weekend during the camporee. Or the city’s citizens may not be convinced that the mayor’s policies are right. So these leaders have to try again, using other methods. But they still use the same process the process of good leadership.

Leadership means responsibility. It’s adventure and often fun, but it always means responsibility. The leader is the guy the others look to to get the job done. So don’t think your job as a troop leader or a staff member will be just an honor. It’s more than that. It means that the other Scouts expect you to take the responsibility of getting the job done. If you lead, they will do the job. If you don’t, they may expect you to do the job all by yourself.That’s why it’s important that you begin right now to learn what leadership is all about.Wear your badge of office proudly. It does not automatically make you a good leader. But it identifies you as a Scout who others want to follow — if you’ll let them by showing leadership.You are not a finished leader. No one ever is, not even a president or prime minister. But you are an explorer of the human mind because now you are going to try to learn how to get things done through people. This is one of the keys to leadership.
You are searching for the secrets of leadership. Many of them lie locked inside you. As you discover them and practice them, you will join a special group of people-skilled leaders.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership

Opinion : sikap dan sifat yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang pemimpin yang baik adalah,
1. Bijaksana dan senantiasa berpikir logis dalam mengambil keputusan
2. Mau mendengarkan aspirasi anggota dengan tetap mempertimbangkan kepentingan
bersama secara keseluruhan
3. Bertanggung jawab
4. Mampu melaksanakan tugas yang harus dilakukan pemimpin,merangkul seluruh
anggota
5. Jujur
6. Amanah (dapat dipercaya)

Komodo Island is the NEW 7 Wonders of The World

Komodo Island is an island located in the Nusa Tenggara Islands. Komodo Island is known as a habitat for native animals dragons. This island is also the Komodo National Park which is managed by the Central Government. Komodo Island in the eastern island of Sumbawa, which are separated by the Sape Strait. Oya, saya juga minta dukungannya ya untuk artikel kontes SEO yang saya ikuti yaitu "TEAK 123 best teak garden furniture manufacturer wholesale in Indonesia"

In 1910 the Dutch named the island in the southern province of East Nusa Tenggara is the nickname of Komodo Island. This story begins with Lieutenant Steyn van Hens Broek who tries to prove statements about the presence of Dutch troops large animal resembling a dragon on the island. Steyn then killed a dragon and bring documentation to the Museum and Botanical Garden in Bogor to be investigated.

After World War I, a scientific expedition designed to conduct research dragons. In 1926, the expedition led by W. Douglas Burden from the American Museum of Natural History with the most modern research tools, doing research for months.

The expedition which involves dozens of people were caught 27 animals dragons. They perform surgical anatomy and identification of species. From this first comprehensive scientific report on the Komodo dragon is made.



Described that the dragons have a large head and strong, has a pair of shining eyes, her skin was hard, thick and wiry. Having kelambir wrinkled skin under her neck.
The shape is similar to a lizard, with four big fat legs and tail are also a big fat long. Has 26 sharp teeth, each measuring 4 cm, has a forked tongue is bright red. If viewed from a distance, the tongue is extended to resemble a fire, because dragons are often stuck out his tongue like a snake.

Komodo also skilled hunters. He relies on the bite and poison the bacteria in his saliva to paralyze prey. He will follow prey that have been hurt for days, until finally died, then he ate it. As a carnivore and scavenger (scavengers), dragons are only found on the island of Komodo, Rinca, Padar, Gili Motang Owadi and Samiin. Komodo dragons are also known as a champion of animal swimming. That's how he was doing exploration on the islands around Flores. Meanwhile, in the mid-20th century, in Australia discovered fossils of ancient creatures that once studied very similar to the dragons. Based on carbon test, the fossil was believed to have originated from the period 60-30 million years ago. This means that dragons once inhabited mainland Australia in prehistoric times.

But researchers are still puzzled by the relationship with the fossil Komodo dragons from Australia. Although the earth's geological history indicates that the former Australia and some islands of Indonesia is one plate, but the Komodo Island is estimated to form about 1 million years ago.
While based on research, prehistoric dragons are extinct at least 30 million years ago, prior to Komodo Island is formed. So why dragons are found only on Komodo Island and its surroundings? Since when did inhabit the island of Komodo dragons? While it is never found traces of rawhide dragons elsewhere (except Australia). This is one mystery that demands further research.

Komodo Island is the NEW 7 Wonders of The World

- Komodo Island

Administratively, this island including the District of Komodo, West Manggarai regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Komodo Island is the most western tip of Nusa Tenggara Timur province, bordering the province of West Nusa Tenggara.


On the island of Komodo dragons animals live and breed well. Until August 2009, on this island there are about 1,300 dragons tail. Coupled with other islands, such as Island and Rinca and Gili Motang, their numbers totaled about 2500 tails. There are also approximately 100 individuals dragons in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve on the mainland island of Flores, but not including the Komodo National Park.
Besides Komodo, the island is also store a variety of exotic flora wood by local people Sepang which is used as a medicine and dye clothes, this nitak tree or sterculia oblongata in the believe is useful as medicines and seeds are tasty and delicious like peas.

- The Inhabitants of Komodo Island

Komodo dragons are native to islands of Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. The island's most lots occupied by dragons are named according to the name of this animal when found in 1910, namely the island of Komodo (Komodo Island).

These giant lizards, including the nearly extinct animal, with a population of less than 4,000 wild birds. To protect the Komodo dragon, in 1980 agreed to form a conservation area in the form of Komodo National Park on Komodo Island and small islands around it.
Distribution and population of dragons in the past three decades is declining and increasingly threatened its existence, mainly due to hunting deer, as its main prey. Even the population on the island of Padar known to have been lost since the late 1990s, whereas in the early 1980s, the Komodo dragon can still be found there. Attention and conservation of this species should be given in particular, because the population of dragons on the verge of extinction.


For some residents on the island of Komodo, these animals are considered more dangerous to humans than crocodiles, because the content of bacteria in their saliva that can cause severe infections.

Typically, dragons mating season occurs between June to July. In August, female dragons will dig a nest of birds nest mound former Coral (Megapodius Reindwardt) on the hill and nest hole in the ground, to keep their eggs which can reach 38 points. Eggs are usually guarded by its mother, but the new child born in February or March is not maintained, even frequently eaten.

Komodo dragons take five years to grow to the size of two feet and can live for up to 30 years. Entering the initial period of 4-5 years are sexually mature dragons.

Source : http://www.wahyu-winoto.com/2011/02/komodo-island-is-new-7-wonders-of-world.html

Kalimat Passive Negative dan Tanya

1. Passive voice negatif
• Don’t leave for me
• You are advised not to leave for me
• The car wasn’t driven by Adi yesterday
• The books weren’t borrowed by my friends
• The Project were not worked by them this year
• The motorcycle wasn’t driven by Yayan yesterday
• The car is not driven by him
• The test is not written by her
• I was not invited by her
• The poem isn’t wrote by him

2. Kalimat tanya
• Will you bring your pen?
• Did she pass the test?
• Should I telephone you or send an message?
• Do you want me?
• He is studying, isn’t he?
• He didn’t come, did he?
• She types accurately, doesn’t she?
• There isn’t any news, is there?
• He has a lot of money, hasn’t he?
• He likes basketball, doesn’t he?

If clause and wish clause

IF Clause

IF Clause Type 1
if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don’t use a comma.
Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

Use
Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don’t know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.
Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.

Exercises on Conditional Sentences Type 1
Some friends are planning a party. Everybody wants to party, but nobody’s really keen on preparing and organising the party. So everybody comes up with a few conditions, just to make sure that the others will also do something.
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
1. If Caroline and Sue the salad, Phil the house.
2. If Sue the onions for the salad, Caroline the mushrooms.
3. Jane the sitting room if Aaron and Tim the furniture.
4. If Bob up the kitchen, Anita the toilet.
5. Elaine the drinks if somebody her carry the bottles.

Exercises on Conditional Sentences Type 1
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I) by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If you (send) this letter now, she (receive) it tomorrow.
2. If I (do) this test, I (improve) my English.
3. If I (find) your ring, I (give) it back to you.
4. Peggy (go) shopping if she (have) time in the afternoon.
5. Simon (go) to London next week if he (get) a cheap flight.

IF Clause Type 2
if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don’t use a comma.
Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

Were instead of Was
In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.
Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Use
Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don’t really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her address.
Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well and I know that he doesn’t have much money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future.

Exercise on Conditional Sentences Type 2
Janine is a daydreamer. She imagines what would happen if she won the lottery.
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.
1. If I the lottery, I a chance to hit the jackpot.
2. If I the jackpot, I rich.
3. If I rich, my life completely.
4. I a lonely island, if I a nice one.
5. If I a lonely island, I a huge house by the beach.

Exercise on Conditional Sentences Type 2
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type II) by putting the verbs into the correct form. Use conditional I with would in the main clause.
1. If we (have) a yacht, we (sail) the seven seas.
2. If he (have) more time, he (learn) karate.
3. If they (tell) their father, he (be) very angry.
4. She (spend) a year in the USA if it (be) easier to get a green card.
5. If I (live) on a lonely island, I (run) around naked all day.

IF Clause Type 3
if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don’t use a comma.
Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and Conditional II on how to form negative sentences.
Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Use
Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn’t find her address, however. So in the end I didn’t send her an invitation.
Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.

Exercise on Conditional Sentences Type 3
What a match – your favourite team has lost again! So after the game, the supporters discuss what could have been different.
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
1. If the midfielders the ball more exactly, our team more chances to attack.
2. If the forwards faster, they more goals.
3. Their motivation if they a goal during the first half.
4. The fullbacks one or the other goal if they their opponents.
5. If the goalie up, he the ball.

Exercise on Conditional Sentences Type 3
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the correct form. Use conditional II with would in the main clause.
1. If you (study) for the test, you (pass) it.
2. If you (ask) me, I (help) you.
3. If we (go) to the cinema, we (see) my friend Jacob.
4. If you (speak) English, she (understand) .
5. If they (listen) to me, we (be) home earlier.

Exceptions for Conditional Sentences
So far you have only learned the basic rules for Conditional Sentences. It depends on the context, however, which tense to use. So sometimes it’s possible for example that in an IF Clause Type I another tense than Simple Present is used, e.g. Present Progressive or Present Perfect.
Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)
Condition refers to: IF Clause Main Clause
future action Simple Present If the book is interesting, … Future I …I will buy it.
Imperative …buy it.
Modal Auxiliary …you can buy it.
action going on now Present Progressive If he is snoring, … Future I …I will wake him up.
Imperative …wake him up.
Modal Auxiliary …you can wake him up.
finished action Present Perfect If he has moved into his new flat, … Future I …we will visit him.
Imperative …visit him.
Modal Auxiliary …we can visit him.
improbable action should + Infinitive If she should win this race, … Future I …I will congratulate her.
Imperative …congratulate her.
Modal Auxiliary …we can congratulate her.
present facts Simple Present If he gets what he wants, … Simple Present …he is very nice.

Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)
Condition refers to: IF Clause Main Clause
present / future event Simple Past If I had a lot of money, … Conditional I …I would travel around the world.
consequence in the past Simple Past If I knew him, … Conditional II …I would have said hello.

Conditional Sentences Type II (impossible)
Condition refers to: IF Clause Main Clause
present Past Perfect If I had known it, … Conditional I …I would not be here now.
past Past Perfect If he had learned for the test, … Conditional II …he would not have failed it.
Exercise on Exceptions (Conditional Sentences with different Tenses)
Exercise on Conditional Sentences with Auxiliaries
Complete the conditional sentences (type I). Remember to use the auxiliary verbs.
1. If it doesn’t rain, we (can / go) swimming tomorrow.
2. If you train hard, you (might / win) first prize.
3. If we go to Canada next year, we (can / improve) our English.
4. I (may / go) to the disco in the evening if I do the washing-up now.
5. If we go on holiday next week, I (not / can / play) tennis with you.
Exercise on Exceptions (Conditional Sentences with different Tenses)

Conditional Sentences Type I
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I according to the information in brackets.
1. If we (visit – fact) our grandparents, we always (go – fact) to the restaurant in their street.
2. If my sister (speak – action going on now) on the phone, I (call – future) you later on.
3. You (go / can) outside if you (do – completed action) your homework.
4. If we (get – future action) the loan, our house (build – future action / passive voice) this autumn.
5. I always (ask – fact) my mother if I (know / not – fact) what to do.
Exercise on Exceptions (Conditional Sentences with different Tenses)

Conditional Sentences Type II
Study the following situations. In every sentence, the ‘if’ clause expresses a general situation in the present (Type II). Decide, however, whether the consequences refer to the present (Conditional I) or past (Conditional II).
1. I am trying to reach Sue on the phone now, but I’m afraid she is not there because …
If she (be) at the office, she (answer) the phone.
2. A couple of minutes ago, I tried to reach Sue on the phone, but I’m afraid she is not there because …
If she (be) at the office, she (answer) the phone.
3. I want to ring a friend now, but I don’t know his phone number.
If I (know) his phone number, I (ring) him.
4. A week ago, I wanted to ring a friend, but I don’t know his phone number.
If I (know) his phone number, I (ring) him.
5. A friend tells me what she is planning to do. I don’t think what she is planning is a good idea.
If I (be) you, I (do / not) this.
6. A friend tells me what she did. I don’t think what she did was a good idea.
If I (be) you, I (do / not) this.
7. Somebody tells me that Sarah is on holiday in Italy at the moment. This cannot be true because I’m seeing her in town tonight.
If Sarah (be) in Italy, I (see / not) her in town tonight.
8. Somebody tells me that Sarah is on holiday in Italy at the moment. This cannot be true because I saw her in town last night.
If Sarah (be) in Italy, I (see / not) her in town last night.
9. My brother feels like he is getting the flu. I tell him …
You (get / not) the flu if you (eat) more fruit.
10. A few weeks ago, my brother had the flu. I tell him …
You (get / not) the flu if you (eat) more fruit.
Exercise on Exceptions (Conditional Sentences with different Tenses)

Conditional Sentences Type III
Study the following situations. In every sentence, the ‘if’ clause expresses a situation in the past (Type III). Decide, however, whether the consequences refer to the present (Conditional I) or past (Conditional II).
1. It didn’t rain yesterday. So I had to water the plants yesterday.
If it (rain) yesterday, I (water / not) the plants.
2. It didn’t rain yesterday. So I am watering the plants now.
If it (rain) yesterday, I (water / not) the plants now.
3. I went to bed late last night. So I am still tired now.
If I (go) to bed earlier yesterday, I (feel / not) so tired now.
4. I went to bed late last Tuesday. So I was very tired the following day.
If I (go) to bed earlier that Tuesday, I (feel / not) that tired the following day.
5. After a night out, I want to drive home now. I haven’t drunk any alcohol.
If I (drink) alcohol, I (drive / not) .
6. After a night out last weekend, I drove home. I hadn’t drunk any alcohol.
If I (drink) alcohol, I (drive / not) .
7. We won the match last week. So when we came home, we looked really happy.
We (look / not) that happy if we (win / not) the match.
8. We’ve just won a match. So we look really happy now.
We (look / not) that happy if we (win / not) the match.
9. My daughter is blamed for having done something. She tells me now that she didn’t do it. I believe her.
She (tell) me if she (do) it.
10. Last year, my daughter was blamed for having done something. She told me that she hadn’t done it. I believed her.
She (tell) me if she (do) it.

Exercise “The Cat and the Mouse” – Part 1
Complete the conditional sentences (type I, II and III)
1. Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse’s tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the mouse. And the cat said, “Well, I (give) you back your tail if you fetched me some milk. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
2. The mouse, however, went to the cow. “The cat (give / only) me back my tail if I fetch her some milk.”
3. And the cow said, “Well, I would give you milk if you (get) me some hay. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
4. The mouse, however, went to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give) me some milk. And the cow (only / give) me milk if I get her some hay.”
5. And the farmer said, “Well, I would give you hay if you (bring) me some meat. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
6. The mouse, however, went to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give) me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if she (get) some hay. And the farmer (only / give) me hay if I get him some meat.”
7. And the butcher said, “Well, I would give you meat if you (make) the baker bake me a bread. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”
English Test on Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2 and 3
Test your knowledge on Conditional Sentences. After submitting your answers, you will see how well you have done in the test.

Conditional Sentences Type I
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
• If you (go) out with your friends tonight, I (watch) the football match on TV.
• I (earn) a lot of money if I (get) that job.
• If she (hurry / not) , we (miss) the bus.

Conditional Sentences Type II
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.
• If he (try) harder, he (reach) his goals.
• I (buy) these shoes if they (fit) .
• It (surprise / not) me if he (know / not) the answer.

Conditional Sentences Type III
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
• If we (listen) to the radio, we (hear) the news.
• If you (switch) on the lights, you (fall / not) over the chair.
• She (come) to our party if she (be / not) on holiday.

Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III
Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).
• If I stronger, I’d help you carry the piano.
• If we’d seen you, we .
• If we him tomorrow, we’ll say hello.
• He would have repaired the car himself if he the tools.
• If you drop the vase, it .
• If I hadn’t studied, I the exam.
• I wouldn’t go to school by bus if I a driving licence.
• If she him every day, she’d be lovesick.
• I to London if I don’t get a cheap flight.

WISH
Wish dalam Bahasa Inggris mempunyai beberapa arti dan makna. Di bawah ini akan kami jelaskan secara terperinci tentang jenis-jenis makna dan arti dari “wish”. Semoga penjelasan di bawah ini dapat membantu Anda dalam menggunakan kata “wish” secara baik dan tepat.
Kata wish sama artinya dengan ekspresi “would like”:
• I wish I had a big house = I would like to have a big house.
• I wish I had been there = I would like to have been there.
• I wish you would stop talking = I would like you to stop talking.
• I wish to see the manager = I would like to see the manager.
• I wish you a Merry Christmas = I would like you to have a Merry Christmas.

Fungsi utama dari kata “wish” adalah untuk mengekspresikan penyesalan.
• I wish (that) I weren’t here now.
• I wish (that) I didn’t have to go to school tomorrow.
• I wish (that) I had studied harder when I was at school.

Tenses yang mengikuti wish sama dengan second dan third conditionals. Kata that dapat dihilangkan dalam percakapan tidak resni.
Ekspresi wish … would digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang keinginan agar orang lain melakukan sesuatu:
• I wish you would tidy your room.
• I wish you wouldn’t always come home so late.

Dalam situasi tidak resmi, wish + (object) + infinitive dapat digunakan seperti pemakaian kata “want”:
• I wish to speak to the director.
• Do you wish me to serve refreshments, sir?
• Wish is also used in some fixed expressions:
• I/we wish you a Merry Christmas (and a Happy New Year).
• I/we wish you well/all the best.

Source : http://inibapakbudi.blogspot.com/2010/12/if-clause.html

Conditional Sentences

Because conditional sentences are quite complex in both form and meaning, they are a problem for most learners of English. If you have a good understanding of the English tense system and of the modal auxiliaries, you will find it easier to understand and use conditional sentences. (The sentence you just read is a predictive conditional sentence.)
All conditional sentences contain a dependent clause and an independent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with if; it expresses a condition. The independent clause expresses a result of the condition. The if-clause is usually first, but the order of the clauses is usually not important. Thus, these two sentences have basically the same meaning:
If she goes to the store, she will buy ice cream.
She will buy ice cream if she goes to the store.
You have probably noticed that different teachers, textbooks, and Web sites sometimes explain the same thing in different ways. This seems to be especially true of conditional sentences. However, two different explanations can both be correct, especially if the difference is due to the fact that complicated material has been organized in different ways. This is often true of explanations of conditionals that you find in your textbooks. Here conditional sentences are divided into three types based on their meanings: real, predictive, and imaginative conditional sentences.

A. Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences.

1. Generalizations include facts that are always true and never change, and they include present or past habitual activities that are or were usually true.
Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning.
Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts:
If water boils, it turns to steam.
If water boils, it will turn to steam.
Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:
If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.
If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day.
If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.
These generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:
When water boils, it turns to steam.
When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.
When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

2. Inferences are often expressed in real conditional sentences.
Real conditionals expressing inferences usually have parallel verb phrases in both clauses. However, if a modal which explicitly expresses an inference (must or should, for example) is used in the main clause, parallel verb phrases are not used.
Examples of real conditional sentences expressing inferences:
If today is Wednesday, it is George’s birthday.
If I can do it, anyone can do it.
if it is raining, the streets are getting wet.
If he was at school, he saw the accident.
If today is Wednesday, it must be George’s birthday.
If I can do it, anyone must be able to do it.
if it is raining, the streets must be getting wet.
If he was at school, he must have seen the accident.

B. Predictive conditional sentences can express predictions and plans.

1. Predictive conditional sentences usually contain simple present tense in the if-clause and will or be going to in the result clause. However, a weaker modal of prediction (may or should, for example) can be used in the result clause to express less certainty.

2. Examples of predictive conditional sentences:
If the exam is hard, many students are going to fail.
If Mary does well on the final exam, she will get an A in the class.
If George does well on the final exam, he may get an A in the class.
If Fred studies, he should pass the exam.

C. Imaginative conditional sentences are the most difficult for many learners of English because of the unusual relationship between form (the tenses used) and meaning.
In this type of conditional sentence, past tense refers to present or future time; past perfect tense refers to past time. Another problem for many learners of English is that were (not was) is used with singular subjects. Be is the only English verb with two past tense forms, but only one of them (were) is used in imaginative conditional sentences.
Imaginative conditional sentences can express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact events or states.

1. Hypothetical events or states are unlikely but possible in the present or future.
Imaginative conditional sentences expressing hypothetical events or states have a past tense verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause.
Examples of hypothetical conditional sentences (present and/or future time):
If George had enough money, he would buy a new car.
If I won the lottery, I would buy you a present.
If she knew the answer, she would tell us.
(George probably does not have enough money; I probably will not win the lottery; she probably does not know the answer.)

2. Contrary-to-fact events or states are either impossible in the present time or did not happen in the past.
Imaginative conditional sentences expressing present contrary-to-fact events or states have a past verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause. Some examples:
If I were you, I would not do that.
If she studied for exams, she would get better grades.
If it were raining, the streets would be wet.
(I am not you; she doesn’t study for exams; it isn’t raining.)
Imaginative conditional sentences expressing past contrary-to-fact events or states have a past perfect verb in the if-clause and would + have + verb (or might or could + have + verb) in the result clause. Some examples:
If George had had enough money, he would have bought a new car.
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought you a present.
If she had known the answer, she would have told us.
(George did not have enough money; I did not win the lottery; she did not know the answer.)

Intransitive Verb

An intransitive verb is an action verb, but it does not have a direct object. The action ends or is modified by an adverb or adverb phrase rather than being transferred to some person or object.
Typically, an adverb or prepositional phrase modifies an intransitive verb or the verb ends the sentence.
To determine whether a verb is intransitive ask whether the action is done in some way, in some direction or to some degree. Does a noun receive the action of the verb? If it does, then the verb is transitive and the person or thing that receives its action is the direct object.
[In the following examples, the intransitive verb is bold and the modifier is underlined.]
1. The man decided against a plea bargain.
>. The subject (the man) did something (decided) a particular way (against).
2. He refused because of his immaturity, not his lack of contrition.
>. The subject (He) did something (refused) for a particular reason (because of his immaturity).
3. Alice complained bitterly.
>. The subject (Alice) did something (complained) to a particular degree (bitterly).
4. At the end of the Roaring ’20s, the incarceration index rose slightly.
>. The subject (the index) did something (rose) in a particular direction (slightly).
5. When faced with the problem, the scholar paused.
>. The subject (scholar) did something (paused) at a particular time (when faced with the problem).
6. Earl fell.
>. The subject (Earl) did something (fell) and the action did not transfer to
someone or something.

The adverb or prepositional phrase answers a question about the verb:

The subject did something WHERE?
1. If Charlie had run into the street, he could have been injured.
2. The turtle may live in a small area of Arizona.
3. In 1973, the incarceration number inched upward.
4. Jordan drove into the lane.

The subject did something WHEN?
1. Thousands of cranes will return in the spring.
2. The number climbed in 1974 and in 1975.
3. Walter Payton died near the end of the century.
4. The company’s leader collapsed during a meeting.

The subject did something HOW or TO WHAT DEGREE?
1. The statistics come in any form you like.
2. Politicians and the public are complaining loudly.
3. His blood pressure kept climbing steadily.
4. She worked with care and precision.

The subject did something WHY?
1. Our elected officials listen because we vote.
2. Shoshana’s grades improved with the help of a tutor.
3. Germany’s expedition leader collapsed from the effort.
4. Elise competed for her family.

Source : http://www.grammaruntied.com/verbs/intransitive.html

Transitive Verb

Transitive Verb
adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek atau pelengkap penderita

Contoh:
He killed a snake. Ia membunuh seekor ular
• Forms of the object (bentuk-bentuk objek)
Kebanyakan kata kerja transitif memerlukan satu buah objek saja. Objek untuk kata kerja boleh dinyatakan dalam berbagai bentuk yang berbeda, antara lain:

 Noun (kata benda)
Contoh:
He killed a snake. Ia membunuh seekor ular

 Pronoun (kata ganti)
Contoh:
That snake bit her. Ular itu menggigitnya

 Infinitive (infinitif)
Contoh: He desires to success. Ia menginginkan sukses

 Gerund (kata kerja yang dibendakan)
Contoh:
He disliked hunting. Ia tak suka berburu

 Phrase (ungkapan)
Contoh:
She doesn’t know how to make things go.
Ia tidak tahu bagaimana membuat segala sesuatu berjalan dengan baik

 Clause (anak kalimat)
Contoh:
We don’t know what she wants. Kami tidak tahu apa yang dikehendakinya

o The double object (objek ganda)
Beberapa kata kerja transitif memerlukan dua buah objek setelah kata-kata kerja itu, yang satu di antaranya biasanya adalah nama benda tertentu, dan yang lain merupakan orang atau hewan lain tertentu.
Benda yang dikatakan itu disebut direct object (pelengkap penderita langsung), orang atau hewan lain yang dikatakan itu disebut indirect object (pelengkap penderita tak langsung).
Beberapa kata kerja transitif, misalnya give, bring, buy, send, tell, dsb, harus mempunyai dua buah objek yang dinyatakan direct object (objek langsung) dan indirect object (objek tak langsung).

Contoh:
• They give the boy a book. Ia memberi anak laki-laki itu sebuah buku
• the boy = indirect object
• a book = direct object
atau
• They gave a book to the boy. Ia memberi sebuah buku kepada anak laki-laki itu
a book = direct object
the boy = indirect object

Catatan:
Cara lain membedakan dua buah objek itu dengan memperhatikan bahwa indirect object itu selalu berada di tempat yang pertama sesudah kata kerja transitif.
Kalau indirect object itu diletakkan sesudah direct object itu, indirect object harus didahului oleh kata depan “for” atau “to”.

Transitive verb with complement (kata kerja transitif dengan pelengkap)
Kata-kata kerja transitif tertentu yang memerlukan bukan saja sebuah objek, melainkan juga kata atau kata-kata lain untuk membuat predikasi lengkap, disebut transitive verbs of incomplete predication.

Kata atau kata-kata tambahan untuk membuat predikasi lengkap itu, disebut complement (komplemen/pelengkap). Complement dalam tujuh bentuk yang berbeda: kata benda, kata sifat, partisip, kata depan dengan objeknya, kata kerja infinitif, kata tambahan atau anak kalimat kata benda (a noun clause).

Transitive verbs used Intransitively (kata kerja transitif yang dipakai secara intransitif)
Ada dua cara, kata kerja transitif dapat dijadikan intransitif :
1. Apabila kata kerja dipakai dalam pengertian umum yang sedemikian rupa sehingga tiada objek.
Contoh:
• New-born children see, but kittens are born blind.
Anak yang baru lahir dapat melihat, tetapi anak kucing dilahirkan buta (sementara tidak dapat melihat)
2. Apabila kata ganti refleksif dihilangkan.
Contoh:
• Move yorself forward. Gerakkan diri anda maju ke depan (transitif)
• Move forward. Bergerak maju (intransitif)

Source: http://www.englishgrammar-exercises.com/Verbs_transitive1.php

Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
• Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
• Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
• Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
• Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:
• Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)


Contoh:
• Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
• Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
• Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan
1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
• We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
• It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
• I consider her very pretty (active)
• She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects
• He gave me a book (active)
• A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
• I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8 ) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
• The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
• The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
• We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
• I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
• This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
• This wall needs painting.

Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-174-passive-voice.html

Subject dan Verb pada Artikel Bahasa Inggris

Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops and media centers. First released to computer manufacturers on August 24, 2001, it is the second most popular version of Windows, based on installed user base. The name “XP” is short for “eXPerience.” Windows XP, the successor to Windows 2000 and Windows Me, was the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on theWindows NT kernel. Windows XP was released for retail sale on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006.Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell Windows XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009.

Bold : Subject
underline : Verb


source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP

Modifier

Modifier berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat (modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner). Modifier pada umumnya berupa prepositional phrase (yaitu sekelompok kata yang dimulai oleh kata depan dan diakhiri oleh noun). Misalnya: in the morning (pada pagi hari), on the table (di atas meja), at the university (di universitas).

Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors (luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi malam), next year (tahun depan). Modifier adalah menjawab pertanyaan ‘when’, where, dan ‘how’.

Contoh :

1. John bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
2. Yeyes was swimming in the swimming pool at 4 pm. yesterday. (Yeyes sedang berenang di kolam renang jam 4 sore kemarin)
3. My father is driving very fast. (Ayahku sedang mengendarai (mobil) dengan sangat cepat)
4. The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)
5. We usually eat dinner at 7 pm. (Kami biasanya makan malam jam 7).

Perhatikan:
1. Modifier of time biasanya diungkapkan paling akhir jika kalimat tersebut memiliki lebih dari satu modifier.
2. Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan modifier.



source : http://abudira.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/modifier-keterangan/

Verb complement

Verb Complements :
A Verb complement(notice the spelling of the word) is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, an object, or a verb. As you will see, the terminology describing predicates and complements can overlap and be a bit confusing. Students are probably wise to learn one set of terms, not both.
•A subject complementfollows a linking verb; it is normally an adjective or a noun that renames or defines in some way the subject.
o A glacier is a huge body of ice.
o Glaciers are beautiful and potentially dangerous at the same time.
o This glacier is not yet fully formed. (verb form acting as an adjective, a participle)

Adjective complements are also called predicate adjectives; noun complements are also called predicate nouns or predicate nominatives.

•An object complementfollows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.
o The convention named Dogbreath Vice President to keep him happy. (The noun “Vice President” complements the direct object “Dogbreath”; the adjective “happy” complements the object “him.”)
o The clown got the children too excited. (The participle “excited” complements the object “children.”)

•A verb complementis a direct or indirect object of a verb.
o Granny left Raoul all her money. (Both “money” [the direct object] and “Raoul” [the indirect object] are said to be the verb complements of this sentence.)


Source : http://www.english-for-students.com/Verb-Complements.html

Functions of Verbs

Verbs and verb phrases perform nine main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. Both native English-speaking and ESL students must learn the nine functions to fully and correctly use verbs and verb phrases in both spoken and written English. The first five functions of verbs and verb phrases are:

1. Predicate
2. Noun phrase modifier
3. Adjective phrase complement
4. Subject
5. Subject complement

Verbs are traditionally defined as “action or state of being words.” Verb phrases are defined as phrases that consist of one or more verbs and any number of objects, modifiers, and complements including noun phrases, verb phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases.

Verbs as Predicates
The first grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the predicate of clauses. A clause is defined as consisting of a subject and a predicate. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as predicates:

• My puppy drinks milk.
• I am studying linguistics.
• The vase was broken by the cat.
• We have eaten all the pie.
• The students will finish their homework.
• She will have earned her degree in May.
• Those children have been being bad.

Verbs as Noun Phrase Modifiers
The second grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the noun phrase modifier. Noun phrase modifiers are defined as words and phrases that describe a noun or noun phrase. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as noun phrase modifiers:
• The woman reading the book just yelled at me.
• My dog is the puppy chewing on the rawhide.
• I saw the man sleeping on the bus.
• Do you have a book to read in the car?
• The food to eat is on the table.
• The most recent news reported by the anchor made me sad.

Verbs as Adjective Phrase Complements
The third grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases in the form of infinitives can perform is the adjective phrase complement. Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as adjective phrase complements:
• You should be excited to study grammar.
• My children are sad to see their grandparents leave.
• Your professor is curious to know why you dropped her class.
• The students are eager to learn about current events.
• His coworker is frightened to ask for a promotion.
• I am irrationally afraid to fly.

Verbs as Subjects
The fourth grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the subject of clauses. Only verb phrases in the form of present participles and infinitives can function as subjects. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as subjects:
• Swimming is good exercise.
• Reading books is educational.
• Your eating health food impresses me.
• To err is human.
• To forget to wear pants is embarrassing.
• To never visit the library disappoints librarians.
Traditional grammars generally use the term gerund for present participles that perform nominal functions, or the functions prototypically filled by nouns and noun phrases.

Verbs as Subject Complements
The fifth grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the subject complement. Subject complements are defined as words and phrases that follow a copular verb and refer back to the subject. Predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives are both subject complements. Only verb phrases in the form of present participles and infinitives can function as subject complements. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as subject complements:
• My favorite pastime is reading.
• His hobbies are writing and editing articles.
• Her weekend chores are washing the dishes and cleaning the bathroom.
• My job is to repair damaged books.

The first five functions of verbs and verb phrases in English are predicate, noun phrase modifier, adjective phrase complement, subject, and subject complement. Both English-speaking and ESL students must learn the first five functions to use verbs and verb phrases properly in both spoken and written forms of English.


source : http://heather-marie-kosur.suite101.com/english-verbs-and-verb-phrases-a106135