Intransitive Verb

An intransitive verb is an action verb, but it does not have a direct object. The action ends or is modified by an adverb or adverb phrase rather than being transferred to some person or object.
Typically, an adverb or prepositional phrase modifies an intransitive verb or the verb ends the sentence.
To determine whether a verb is intransitive ask whether the action is done in some way, in some direction or to some degree. Does a noun receive the action of the verb? If it does, then the verb is transitive and the person or thing that receives its action is the direct object.
[In the following examples, the intransitive verb is bold and the modifier is underlined.]
1. The man decided against a plea bargain.
>. The subject (the man) did something (decided) a particular way (against).
2. He refused because of his immaturity, not his lack of contrition.
>. The subject (He) did something (refused) for a particular reason (because of his immaturity).
3. Alice complained bitterly.
>. The subject (Alice) did something (complained) to a particular degree (bitterly).
4. At the end of the Roaring ’20s, the incarceration index rose slightly.
>. The subject (the index) did something (rose) in a particular direction (slightly).
5. When faced with the problem, the scholar paused.
>. The subject (scholar) did something (paused) at a particular time (when faced with the problem).
6. Earl fell.
>. The subject (Earl) did something (fell) and the action did not transfer to
someone or something.

The adverb or prepositional phrase answers a question about the verb:

The subject did something WHERE?
1. If Charlie had run into the street, he could have been injured.
2. The turtle may live in a small area of Arizona.
3. In 1973, the incarceration number inched upward.
4. Jordan drove into the lane.

The subject did something WHEN?
1. Thousands of cranes will return in the spring.
2. The number climbed in 1974 and in 1975.
3. Walter Payton died near the end of the century.
4. The company’s leader collapsed during a meeting.

The subject did something HOW or TO WHAT DEGREE?
1. The statistics come in any form you like.
2. Politicians and the public are complaining loudly.
3. His blood pressure kept climbing steadily.
4. She worked with care and precision.

The subject did something WHY?
1. Our elected officials listen because we vote.
2. Shoshana’s grades improved with the help of a tutor.
3. Germany’s expedition leader collapsed from the effort.
4. Elise competed for her family.

Source : http://www.grammaruntied.com/verbs/intransitive.html

Transitive Verb

Transitive Verb
adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek atau pelengkap penderita

Contoh:
He killed a snake. Ia membunuh seekor ular
• Forms of the object (bentuk-bentuk objek)
Kebanyakan kata kerja transitif memerlukan satu buah objek saja. Objek untuk kata kerja boleh dinyatakan dalam berbagai bentuk yang berbeda, antara lain:

 Noun (kata benda)
Contoh:
He killed a snake. Ia membunuh seekor ular

 Pronoun (kata ganti)
Contoh:
That snake bit her. Ular itu menggigitnya

 Infinitive (infinitif)
Contoh: He desires to success. Ia menginginkan sukses

 Gerund (kata kerja yang dibendakan)
Contoh:
He disliked hunting. Ia tak suka berburu

 Phrase (ungkapan)
Contoh:
She doesn’t know how to make things go.
Ia tidak tahu bagaimana membuat segala sesuatu berjalan dengan baik

 Clause (anak kalimat)
Contoh:
We don’t know what she wants. Kami tidak tahu apa yang dikehendakinya

o The double object (objek ganda)
Beberapa kata kerja transitif memerlukan dua buah objek setelah kata-kata kerja itu, yang satu di antaranya biasanya adalah nama benda tertentu, dan yang lain merupakan orang atau hewan lain tertentu.
Benda yang dikatakan itu disebut direct object (pelengkap penderita langsung), orang atau hewan lain yang dikatakan itu disebut indirect object (pelengkap penderita tak langsung).
Beberapa kata kerja transitif, misalnya give, bring, buy, send, tell, dsb, harus mempunyai dua buah objek yang dinyatakan direct object (objek langsung) dan indirect object (objek tak langsung).

Contoh:
• They give the boy a book. Ia memberi anak laki-laki itu sebuah buku
• the boy = indirect object
• a book = direct object
atau
• They gave a book to the boy. Ia memberi sebuah buku kepada anak laki-laki itu
a book = direct object
the boy = indirect object

Catatan:
Cara lain membedakan dua buah objek itu dengan memperhatikan bahwa indirect object itu selalu berada di tempat yang pertama sesudah kata kerja transitif.
Kalau indirect object itu diletakkan sesudah direct object itu, indirect object harus didahului oleh kata depan “for” atau “to”.

Transitive verb with complement (kata kerja transitif dengan pelengkap)
Kata-kata kerja transitif tertentu yang memerlukan bukan saja sebuah objek, melainkan juga kata atau kata-kata lain untuk membuat predikasi lengkap, disebut transitive verbs of incomplete predication.

Kata atau kata-kata tambahan untuk membuat predikasi lengkap itu, disebut complement (komplemen/pelengkap). Complement dalam tujuh bentuk yang berbeda: kata benda, kata sifat, partisip, kata depan dengan objeknya, kata kerja infinitif, kata tambahan atau anak kalimat kata benda (a noun clause).

Transitive verbs used Intransitively (kata kerja transitif yang dipakai secara intransitif)
Ada dua cara, kata kerja transitif dapat dijadikan intransitif :
1. Apabila kata kerja dipakai dalam pengertian umum yang sedemikian rupa sehingga tiada objek.
Contoh:
• New-born children see, but kittens are born blind.
Anak yang baru lahir dapat melihat, tetapi anak kucing dilahirkan buta (sementara tidak dapat melihat)
2. Apabila kata ganti refleksif dihilangkan.
Contoh:
• Move yorself forward. Gerakkan diri anda maju ke depan (transitif)
• Move forward. Bergerak maju (intransitif)

Source: http://www.englishgrammar-exercises.com/Verbs_transitive1.php

Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
• Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
• Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
• Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
• Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:
• Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)


Contoh:
• Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
• Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
• Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan
1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
• We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
• It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
• I consider her very pretty (active)
• She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects
• He gave me a book (active)
• A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
• I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8 ) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
• The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
• The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
• We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
• I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
• This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
• This wall needs painting.

Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-174-passive-voice.html

Subject dan Verb pada Artikel Bahasa Inggris

Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops and media centers. First released to computer manufacturers on August 24, 2001, it is the second most popular version of Windows, based on installed user base. The name “XP” is short for “eXPerience.” Windows XP, the successor to Windows 2000 and Windows Me, was the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on theWindows NT kernel. Windows XP was released for retail sale on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006.Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell Windows XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009.

Bold : Subject
underline : Verb


source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP

Modifier

Modifier berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat (modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner). Modifier pada umumnya berupa prepositional phrase (yaitu sekelompok kata yang dimulai oleh kata depan dan diakhiri oleh noun). Misalnya: in the morning (pada pagi hari), on the table (di atas meja), at the university (di universitas).

Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors (luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi malam), next year (tahun depan). Modifier adalah menjawab pertanyaan ‘when’, where, dan ‘how’.

Contoh :

1. John bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
2. Yeyes was swimming in the swimming pool at 4 pm. yesterday. (Yeyes sedang berenang di kolam renang jam 4 sore kemarin)
3. My father is driving very fast. (Ayahku sedang mengendarai (mobil) dengan sangat cepat)
4. The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)
5. We usually eat dinner at 7 pm. (Kami biasanya makan malam jam 7).

Perhatikan:
1. Modifier of time biasanya diungkapkan paling akhir jika kalimat tersebut memiliki lebih dari satu modifier.
2. Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan modifier.



source : http://abudira.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/modifier-keterangan/

Verb complement

Verb Complements :
A Verb complement(notice the spelling of the word) is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, an object, or a verb. As you will see, the terminology describing predicates and complements can overlap and be a bit confusing. Students are probably wise to learn one set of terms, not both.
•A subject complementfollows a linking verb; it is normally an adjective or a noun that renames or defines in some way the subject.
o A glacier is a huge body of ice.
o Glaciers are beautiful and potentially dangerous at the same time.
o This glacier is not yet fully formed. (verb form acting as an adjective, a participle)

Adjective complements are also called predicate adjectives; noun complements are also called predicate nouns or predicate nominatives.

•An object complementfollows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.
o The convention named Dogbreath Vice President to keep him happy. (The noun “Vice President” complements the direct object “Dogbreath”; the adjective “happy” complements the object “him.”)
o The clown got the children too excited. (The participle “excited” complements the object “children.”)

•A verb complementis a direct or indirect object of a verb.
o Granny left Raoul all her money. (Both “money” [the direct object] and “Raoul” [the indirect object] are said to be the verb complements of this sentence.)


Source : http://www.english-for-students.com/Verb-Complements.html

Functions of Verbs

Verbs and verb phrases perform nine main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. Both native English-speaking and ESL students must learn the nine functions to fully and correctly use verbs and verb phrases in both spoken and written English. The first five functions of verbs and verb phrases are:

1. Predicate
2. Noun phrase modifier
3. Adjective phrase complement
4. Subject
5. Subject complement

Verbs are traditionally defined as “action or state of being words.” Verb phrases are defined as phrases that consist of one or more verbs and any number of objects, modifiers, and complements including noun phrases, verb phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases.

Verbs as Predicates
The first grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the predicate of clauses. A clause is defined as consisting of a subject and a predicate. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as predicates:

• My puppy drinks milk.
• I am studying linguistics.
• The vase was broken by the cat.
• We have eaten all the pie.
• The students will finish their homework.
• She will have earned her degree in May.
• Those children have been being bad.

Verbs as Noun Phrase Modifiers
The second grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the noun phrase modifier. Noun phrase modifiers are defined as words and phrases that describe a noun or noun phrase. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as noun phrase modifiers:
• The woman reading the book just yelled at me.
• My dog is the puppy chewing on the rawhide.
• I saw the man sleeping on the bus.
• Do you have a book to read in the car?
• The food to eat is on the table.
• The most recent news reported by the anchor made me sad.

Verbs as Adjective Phrase Complements
The third grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases in the form of infinitives can perform is the adjective phrase complement. Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as adjective phrase complements:
• You should be excited to study grammar.
• My children are sad to see their grandparents leave.
• Your professor is curious to know why you dropped her class.
• The students are eager to learn about current events.
• His coworker is frightened to ask for a promotion.
• I am irrationally afraid to fly.

Verbs as Subjects
The fourth grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the subject of clauses. Only verb phrases in the form of present participles and infinitives can function as subjects. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as subjects:
• Swimming is good exercise.
• Reading books is educational.
• Your eating health food impresses me.
• To err is human.
• To forget to wear pants is embarrassing.
• To never visit the library disappoints librarians.
Traditional grammars generally use the term gerund for present participles that perform nominal functions, or the functions prototypically filled by nouns and noun phrases.

Verbs as Subject Complements
The fifth grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases can perform is the subject complement. Subject complements are defined as words and phrases that follow a copular verb and refer back to the subject. Predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives are both subject complements. Only verb phrases in the form of present participles and infinitives can function as subject complements. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as subject complements:
• My favorite pastime is reading.
• His hobbies are writing and editing articles.
• Her weekend chores are washing the dishes and cleaning the bathroom.
• My job is to repair damaged books.

The first five functions of verbs and verb phrases in English are predicate, noun phrase modifier, adjective phrase complement, subject, and subject complement. Both English-speaking and ESL students must learn the first five functions to use verbs and verb phrases properly in both spoken and written forms of English.


source : http://heather-marie-kosur.suite101.com/english-verbs-and-verb-phrases-a106135